MSU Extension MI Ag Ideas to Grow With

My name is Janna Falor, and I am a Field Crops Educator over in the upper thumb region of Michigan, based out of Huron, covering Huron, Tuscola, and Sanilac primarily. I will let Monica introduce herself here. Oh, yeah. My name is Monica. Jean, and I am also a field craps educator, but I'm based to the west of Jenna, so I cover like this, Saginaw Bay, and I'm stationed out of Alma, my family's farm is in Mount Pleasant, Michigan. Thank you for joining us for this session from the beginning, farmers track of Michigan Ag Ideas to Grow With. Today we're going to be talking about the rotation effect. And I don't remember how we got to this topic, but I remember reflecting on it with one of my first classes with Karen Renner in school. And she taught the rotation effect because at the time she was our cropping system agronomists kind of that, doing that work with Kurt Thelen and now we have Manny Singh of course, but I just thought it was a really cool topic. And it turns out we did quite a bit of literature review to make this presentation. And it turns out not a lot of newer research, it's still very much based in the past. As you work through the slides, if you have questions about the papers you want the citations to read up, we'd be happy to give them to you. And just notice like they're still 19, something like. A lot of these are based in the past and we've built up from there. I thought that was just an interesting thing to note. Yeah. All right. So I think that I initially started looking for information to share with you guys on what is the rotation effects like the addition of wheat or the addition of a cover crop or what. But what I really feel like where we should start is what happens when you grow anything continuously? So before we talk about the addition and the additives, what happens when you just do continuous corn or you just do continuous soybean? Overall, what I found was you get a yield drag. I want to say before I get into some of the data on the negatives, there is a way to intentionally manage for continuous things. You have to be very aggressive with your nutrient management, your scouting, your herbicide, your fun, Right. All the things that can happen when something's continuously there and you start to get built up pressure. I'm not saying you can't do it, but there is definitely an art to it. I found quite a few articles out of Iowa State. If that is something you were hoping to learn about. Those major corn states do a lot of continuous corn and I think that would be a good place to maybe check out here. What we're going to concentrate on is we would like you to have a longer rotation and we'll go over why a cool research project that across did a spatial analysis of the Northern corn belt. It looked at what continuous corn or continuous soybeans does. Do you can see the citation is down here of Seaford. Roberts and Lobel analyzed a yields. You can see there, I can't remember a couple thousand acres or how many acres. There was a lot of acres they looked at, but it did show a 4.3% yield penalty for continuous corn. Of course, it'd be a large variation of management within that, but overall, a decrease the yield penalties were much more severe in areas with low moisture. Something to consider. Maybe if you have some moisture management issues, you're on sandy or soil, you could feel that effect of the yield drag more than our heavier ones. Continuous soybeans were much more of a yield penalty 10.3 when things were stressful like in an already low yielding year you didn't see this work shows that that made the low yielding areas even worse, meaning they were very resilient compared to other fields that did have a longer rotation. Corn penalties grew up to three years of continuous cropping, but not more then soybean penalties increased with the number of years continuously cropped, you continuously got a penalty for the soybean, But interesting enough about corn. It only went up to those three years. And I will say corn does produce a lot of biomass. I don't want to act like there's not a lot of carbon there going on. And you can't use that cycle or even think about putting cover crop to try to balance that out. But overall we do see a negative, right? Having the same cop over and over and over again. I don't know if that's surprising to people. I think a lot of these posts are about the link issue, but I interesting. I'm just going to make sure there's no questions here that were for me, there are not. Okay. If that was surprising for you though, please let me know because we'd love to talk about it. This is a beginning farmer session. I think it's okay if we need to stop and talk through some of these things if they don't make sense or you just want to further elaborate on them. All right. I see this is coming through a fuzzy. So I apologize. I yeah. Okay. I see that, Danielle. It's attractive, right? Same equipment, same program. It can be really easy to manage. Have to do continuous. Yeah. So what we're looking at here is a research trial that was done, actually I would say our neighbors to the east, and that's Canada. And what they looked at, I thought this was kind of interesting. So they did look at the corn soybean wheat rotation. So that's what the CSS and then the W that you're seeing here, Jen, you can see my pointer, right? I know you're doing something else but I just want to make sure. Yeah, awesome. So that you can see here on the chart here, it tells you what the rotation is. But then they also have this addition of R C which is an under seeded red clover. You would do that frost seeded into wheat, right? And that is a practice we often do in Michigan, but maybe not as often as they see in Canada. Most Canadian acres with what do have a frost seeded red clover in it. And so what I thought was interesting in general, the trend that we saw that they saw in this research trials, as there was more diversity within that rotation, even with the addition of the red clover, they did see some yield bumps. But what I thought was really interesting though is you see cycle one to five here. So that was 1982 to 2001, right? That was the first cycle that they ran this. And then the cycle six to nine portion was 2022 to 2017, wide broken up into two very different management is starting right. We're getting some precision management coming in. And I noticed that like when they added in red clover for the second year of corn in cycles one to five, the yields didn't really work out the way it did in the other ones. But then in the second part of their cycle, the longer it had been in there, you started to see that again, this yield did win out for a greater amount of diversity. I collect root accident, sorry, oops, there we go. So just reiterating again, diversity is important, a rotation sport for our system. It can look like an addition of a crop, but adding in a cover crop to, we'll cover that in some of the other areas that can also be added in diversity as well. This was also another project just in case you were like, well, that's Canada. Does that happen here? So this slide is courtesy of, I believe this was research out of Wisconsin area, and Mike Staton actually brought this in for a soybean meeting, and I thought it was so cool to include here. Not only does extending your crop rotation have the ability to improve your grain yield, but the sequence in which you do it also matters, right? Some things are going to play nicer together as far as the nutrient uptake, et cetera, that they have going on. So you can see the first set of bars is going to be your corn yields in different rotations. Those are your yellows. And then your peach color is going to be the soybean yields. And then the green is going to be your wheat yields in the different rotations. In the first one, you can see that there's a corn soy rotation. The corn was yielding 197 bushel. And then when you got into a corn soy wheat, you saw that yield bump from extending that rotation out to 213. And then when you did corn wheat soy also, it's still an extended rotation but you're following corn and wheat that there you have 196. So you go back down. Same exact crops in those two rotations, right? But they're in a different order when you're planning your rotations, that rotation matters. And then you can see that corn on corn on corn is the lowest yield that they had. Again, probably not at those numbers. I didn't crunch them, probably not. Statistically, that much difference between the three and only the one at that corn soybean. What stands out, as you can see from the A's and B's on the bottom, if they have the same letters down there, it means that they're in the same group. You go over to the soybeans again, you see a very similar thing. They show the rotations in the same order. And you can see it's up high. You go up and then you come back down again. And that continuous soybean has the lowest sealed again. Again, there is a difference between rotation, but that soybean had a slightly lesser effect between the corn soy wheat and the corn wheat soy, than you saw in the corn. And part of that, I believe, is because you have two grasses in there and you have one legume. Then if you get over to the wheat, you can see there it mattered there. They did not have a straight corn soy rotation because there would be no wheat involved with it. But corn soy wheat gave you your highest wheat yield. The corn wheat soy was next. And then the wheat on wheat, you started developing all sorts of issues and you had your lowest. But you can see across them, in this particular multi year study, that, that corn wheat tended to have the highest yield rates over that corn wheat soy. Just to specify, this is just specific to Sois. Or does it matter what type of beans? I mean, does rotation mean different beans every year if you were going to plant a bean on bean, regardless of what type of bean it is, if you have dry beans versus soybeans, a lot of them are going to have the same disease pressures, et cetera. I'll let Monica take it, but my assumption would be, again, you're going to need that rotation because if you do soybean dry, soybean dry bean, you're going to see it'd be the same general effect. Yeah. Yeah, I would agree with that. Maybe there might be a couple things that don't cross over, but yeah, well, they're still within the same like functional group. That's kind of why you're seeing in here like if you have corn and wheat next to each other that those yields are still going down. Because corn and wheat, they're grasses if you're being very basic about them and so you're not getting as good of a rotation as putting a legume in the middle of it. I would apply a similar idea for bean and bean play. Play. Your hand is up. Thank you. Yeah, it shows the corn. Soybean wheat is the best. But if you follow the next year and that rotation, you're going to have corn following wheat and you're going to have grass on grass. I would agree I would agree with that statement. Clay. And I thought that as I was saying that and I will see what Monica has to say on this because it still is. If it's a three year rotation, these numbers still hold. And I'm guessing it's something to do with in the nutrient uptakes, et cetera, from the two of them, right? They're both grasses, but they're slightly different on nutrient requirements. But that's my gut reaction. And Clay, you're pretty smart. You may have a better answer to this than me even, but I'll let Monica go. Well, and I would say Clay, what can you do after wheat that we can't do after corn? I have frost, clover into the wheat and then I got sugar beets after that. But for the study, you'd want to know the fourth year unless the farmer went out of business because we're not making any money. It's Joe Lower out of Wisconsin. He's pretty practical. He's W I would have to dig within his paper to see. We're going to look at some of his nutrient management cycling too and rotation later. I stole some stuff from that. But I would be happy Clay to look and see if he has anything about that following season. Definitely, I mean, would be good to bring in diversity there. But you do have a fallow field for a little bit which would help with some of our disease pressures there. And then you could add something else in, like we said, a cover crop. Otherwise you would need to be very sure. What did a person say yesterday? Wheat, Pete. He said, corn is the diva of our field crops, I believe. Yeah, you got to make sure you've got that good management going into that crop. I thought that was really funny. I've never heard corn be called a diva. All right. So I just thought this was a cool, I took this quote out of a research trial. Diversity in crops and cropping systems as well as diversity in weeds and weed management systems can result in the most efficient exploitation of available resources. What do I read that as? As a farmer, maybe I can do less stuff and save money if I do this, If I exploit the system the right way. Oh, I see another one pop piece. So neighbor grows corn two or three years than soybeans one year for the past 25 years with low till and chemicals. 40 years ago, her father grew alfalfa in the same field for seven years. Her soil texture is powdery, sandy mine right next to it I garden crop I used to aged manure is crumbly, sandy loam. Don't know what her soil nutrient balance is. So. I'm not sure exactly if there's a question here, but right, alfalfa is a perennial crop, not an annual. Some of those stands can stay up to 20 years. You're going to start yield definitely before then. But a lot of people throw those in to extend out their rotations, especially if they have been pretty intensively cropping it with continuous corn on corn, on corn. If they don't have another market, at least in my area, they'll sometimes throw that into the rotation. They'll hire it out. Right. They just sell it right off the field. Somebody else comes in and harvests it for it's a low issue for some of them. Different texture makes the decisions. I think I I'm trying to remember what we put into the slides later. I know I read stuff about sandier, soil versus heavy. I thought I mentioned it earlier too. I'm trying to think if we get to that. Oh, I think it was looking at the stress that they observed in the spatial analysis across the corn belt. So, they did see that on sandier soils that there was a struggle with your yield potential there. Anyways, it did exacerbate that soil was the way they worded it. I'm really having to dig in my memory bank here after reading a bunch of these papers that there were just more severe areas and then they were further exacerbated. If you did a continuous crop on them, yes, soil texture does make a difference. But if it's really wet, your heavier texture soils that have a hard time dealing with moisture, I mean, it can be a double edged sword with soil texture, right? So that loamy soil in between is what we'd all like. Unfortunately, the glaciers kind of push those all to other states. For us, we get some pockets like that, but not too many. All right, let me get back. Okay, so weed pressure overall, what we found out, what I found with weed pressure is that rotation also did a nice job at suppressing weeds because of the variation of the different plants with their resource competition. Some of them may be having some allegopathic effects, different kinds of soil disturbance. They offer different making that environment less hospitable for those weeds are opportunistic. If there's a space to grow, they're going to grow. When we mix it up, we make them less capable of doing that. Crop rotations can also reduce weed infestations, helping maintain that crop yield. And I also read a little bit about like weed seed production or the reduction of it, and also resistant weeds. U, having a diverse rotation helps a lot with both of those problems as well. A cool visual, I found, it came out of Manitoba away. They don't have extension, they have a little bit different government system. And so it's like their extension, though they have this really cool visual of like, if you're mixing it up, these black triangles, I'm pointing with my finger, which isn't helpful. You can't see that these black triangles are herbicider tillage options, right? And you're seeing when there's all these opportunities that they either had a crop in or that they had different opportunities where they came in and did something about the weeds. And what they called it was keeping your weeds off balance so that they can adapt and take advantage of your system, having a longer rotation, doing different types of controls depending on if you're organic or conventional. I just thought it was a nice way of visually thinking about your systematic approach to doing weed management. Another way to think about it too, I've never also read you guys, this was a fun thing. I read a lot of weird stuff, Maybe I haven't in a while since I had to do like literature review work for like a degree or something. This temporal diversification versus spatial. There was a research project, rotation, and intercropping strategies for weed management that did look at if someone really wants to do beans and corn because they live in a state where that's where they make money. Okay, Fair, right? So how do we maybe inter crop those and that way you get a diversification within each year because you're still doing different crops in different areas and having really good canopy closure. Now of course, we have the addition of more cover crops and research with that. Not saying they didn't use cover crops in 1993. I know they did. My grandpa, my grandpa used them. But I just feel like that research wasn't always there quantifying those effects. So that's why I think it's missing from this graph. But overall, I just thought it was really interesting that they did a little bit different work. That you can get an advantage out of doing spatial diversification and including relay or intercropping of plants as well. Not relay cropping, sorry. Another thing you can look at going back to the cover crop thing is we do have this little nice visual tool that if we control is your primary objective. We do have some specific recommendations, a great tool to get on and use if you're working through wanting to bring in a cover crop instead of maybe getting another crop because that can be a lot. Is using the Midwest Cover Selector Tool to just visually see your options for doing that. Okay? All right. The next thing we wanted to talk about is how rotation can affect insect pressure. And you will see she did a lot of literature review with some of her stuff. We're going to go at some of us review, but not as much literature review. Right? Insect pressure can be affected if you select non host crops for the different insects. This is especially important in pests, in insects over winter, here in egg form, in whatever, right? If they're migrating up from the south and they're blowing in on those different wind currents, they're going to blow in and they're going to hit the field. Right now if they lay their egg or they overwinter in the soil and they come out and they need to feed right away. That's where your crop rotation is going to come into effect. Because if the food isn't where they're at, they can, they're only going to migrate so far, depending on their mobility. And that's going to vary by insect as well. So one of the key ones that used to be and still to a certain extent is corn rootworm, right? We have a lot of stack traits out there now, so it's not as big of a deal as it used to be, but that's one of the major ones. And then in potatoes, Colorado potato beetles is another one where rotation can have a large effect. Some pests that it's not effective against because they're highly mobile, they may not overwinter here. Cut worms and your army worms as well. Monica? I can't do anything. All right. We have this beautiful thing of a insect life cycle courtesy of North Dakota State University. You start out with your egg, then you move to your larva where they're going to be feeding. In this case, it was a rootworm one. The rootworm feeding, then they move onto a pupa, then they become an adult, then they lay their eggs. Those eggs are stuck in that field that they're in. The rotation is going to disrupt your life cycle at that point when those eggs hatch the following spring, if you have a non suitable host crop there or a non host crop there that isn't suitable for them to feed. They're not going to be able to feed and continue on within their life cycle. Like I said, there is a limited amount of mobility. There are some weeds that could potentially be playing host to some of them, but it'd be to a lesser extent than if you have the whole field planted into a host crop. Monica, you muted. Did you have stuff to add? Oh, well, I was going to say if you were at our weed pressure or our IPM fun fact, this is a kind of relationship that you could put those sticky traps out for. I just had to mention it. Oh, I'm good. Nica, we were going to ban her and interject, so please do sticky traps were great for this system. I want to figure out your corn rootworm issued. So another thing we have going on that rotation can effect is nematode pressure, right? So little teeny things which actually I have learned that they can also be very large things, they just aren't normally the ones we're talking about. Marisol was telling me how big they can get, and I said I didn't even know that was possible. They can get much bigger than I thought they could. I guess certain ones. In one study though, done in southern Illinois from 2020, 17.20 18 had shown that if they double crop soybeans following wheat, that they had a reduction in soybean cyst nematode counts of over 30% They just pushed that data out in 2020. 3.1 of those things. Interesting to see again, what seems to have a positive effect on negating SCN numbers. And I know MSU has some research currently going on out of Marisol's lab that she is working on right now as well, on the effects of wheat with soybean cytebatote, if I recall correctly. She also has some manure studies going on in their relations to nematodes. So if you have interest in that, we didn't include it because manure isn't necessarily rotational. But if you have interest in that, there is some information that Marisol Tina has another option for helping with nematode pressure and that you would include within your rotation would be a trap crop. Right? We've talked a little bit about putting some cover crops potentially. I believe if I'm recalling my sessions, I've been in a lot of them. This would go out as like a cover crop, but essentially one of the main ones that in field crops is used would be oilseed radish for sugar beet Csematoe. I'm also located in the thumb of Michigan. We have a lot of sugar beets, silver here. If you're not familiar with the area, it's the first thing that comes to mind for me. On the next slide, we'll show you how that disrupts their cycle. But another option would be, again, non host crops, right? There's also some cover crops that suppress and not 100, I'm going to still say they're not 100% sure how. So nematode with potato growers. They do know that millet helps suppress and some millets are better at other millets at suppressing. It's not even every millet variety. I just wanted to point out, some things are non hosts, some things are traps. And then sometimes we just happen to know something like a actual, like an allilapathic or some type of even negative relationship. It helps to actually kill off that population too. Absolutely. Again, we went back to there's the non host, but if you have a heavy soybean cyst nematode problem, right, you need to extend that rotation out longer. The more pressure you have there, the longer you may need to extend your rotations to see that positive impact. Here is an example of a soybean cyst nematode life cycle because it was the prettiest graphic I could find courtesy of Iowa State. You can see here what we have going on. You have the cysts on the plant, and I don't think there's really a great place to start in this on the plant. I'm on it. Sorry, I forget the role of the mouse. You're good. I don't feel like there's a good place to start, so you're with us. Okay, you have the cysts on inside. The cyst are going to be the eggs that the female had, then that cyst will burst. The eggs are there, the juveniles within the eggs. They hatch on out. They migrate over and they penetrate that root right then there they're going to swell. You have the males that are not going to become the cysts. You have the females, you have your emerging young female there that she skipped. Then the adult female, once it's fully mature, is going to be that sack that has the eggs in it going on. Essentially, when, if you have something that is a trap crop, what happens is they begin this cycle. But when they go to infect the root, that root is actually not a food source for them. It sends out the chemical signals to them telling them it's time to hatch, there's a food here for you. But then they get to it and they find out it's inedible to them, it's paper. It's not going to let them complete their life cycle. Or also sometimes they are terminated before they have time to complete their life cycle, right? They hatch out. They don't have time to complete their life cycle because it's tilled underneath and they cannot just survive in the soil for long periods of time that way. Anything, Dad, Monica, it's a very pretty graphic. I would completely agree with that. No, I think you did. I like how it's flouring, like they made the soybean even prettier. I know. Okay. So how do you know you have this nematode issue with soybean? That's a great question. That is a great question. I will say most questions are great though. So we love interaction. The Soybean Committee does pay. You can take soil samples and ship those in, and they're actually paid for. If you're a farmer growing soybeans, that's the best way to know. You can soil sample and send in for any crop and want to know what your nematode population is, not just soybeans nematode. There are two different types of nematode analysis that can do, can get done. There's like a more basic one that they're just looking for those like bad ones and letting you know if you're at a decent population. There is one where they can actually categorize and send you back. How many beneficial do you have? How many bad ones? Like a whole huge print off of nematode analysis. We are just, and I would say the beginning of understand, not just bad, not just good, but what they both mean, kind of like an indicator weed in your system. Like if you have this certain weed show up, it probably means you're low end potassium or something, right? Like we do those indicator weeds, they're now starting to understand that nematodes can be indicators of soil health, which is pretty cool. And that new research is in Christine Springer's lab, and if you get on the Field Crops Webinar series, she'll actually be speaking. Monday. Yeah, Monday about this. So just to throw out, I even went one too far with that. But I just think it's really cool that this whole nematode population, things really starting to grow. And so this is an example that I'm sharing now of a field that they looked at it. It is invested with soybean cyst nematode, but you're typically going to see some stunted growth, some yellowing going on within the plant. And then if you dig up some of the roots, what you're actually going to see, so this right here, right, is a nodule. These little yellow, lemon looking things on the root are those cysts. You can go out and look for the stunting and yellowing. It's typically, it's a lot of times in patches you can see what's going on and then you can actually dig some roots and a lot of times you'll be able to find that if the current crop is infested. If you wanted a more hands on in the field, not sending something to the lab and waiting for a reply. Mm hm. Great questions I did put in, Danielle. Yep, you saw that for everyone. So, you know, there's a link in there and that's where you can go to find out about all the different nematode sampling that exists and how to do a proper nematode sample. Yeah, let me get back. I know I need to share my screen. Let me exit out of. Okay, awesome. I'm assuming we're going to the next one. Yeah. Okay. All right. Beautiful disease pressure. Yes. Go for it Monica. All right. Well another real popular one that we're just going to keep going on this path of soy beans, although not to say, you know, you get it in dry beans too, but is white mold, do we have a picture of the little? We don't have a picture of the. Oh, okay. They're kind of cute in not a great way. There are some other kind of mold, like similar cousins I guess as a way to think about it that can also get underneath canopy on your soil. Just like white mold were. But they're not bad. So it is important. I know we talked about in one of our other sessions being involved, identifying and understand the life cycle of these. You actually know what you're dealing with and how to appropriately act and integrate pest management. I want to point that out for white mold too, is that there are other fungal bodies that exist. In knowing exactly how the white mold one is helpful for your, Jenna Found it. Thank you, Jenna. Yeah, you can see, oh, that's a shiny penny. That is a shiny penny. You can see it to the right there. What is the other one called? Is it birds nest? There's another one that looks very similar and it's called bird's nest. And you can actually see this one, right? It's very low to the ground. In this case, finding them is hard. A lot of producers can confuse bird's nest with these ones. But birds nest, when you look at it, it actually will look like it has little eggs inside of it versus this one that does not. They are very cute. Thank you, Cheyenne. I mean, I know they can cause a lot of problems, so I don't want to call it cute like it's a positive thing, but they're cute. Let me share my screen. So a rotation of at least two to three years of a non host crop can really reduce those number of those little cute mushrooms. We just looked at little shroomes, right? So what I think we covered earlier was this is an example of where if you did legume on legume, like dry bean on soybean, you're not going to cut this. You're going to continue to have problems, We have problems managing white mold, both in our drying and soybean crop. So getting outside of that, doing a legume or not a legum, I'm sorry, doing a grass, doing a brassica, doping. Anything else is what's going to be good to reduce that. And it's important to note that it'll reduce the number of sclerosia in, you know, two to three years of non hose crops, but it doesn't get rid of it completely. If you talk to any farmers, they will tell you once you have white mold, you have white mold and you're going to need to keep an eye on it in years that there's susceptibility. Yeah, not effective tar spot, yes. What is effective is trying ling out a couple different varieties, right? And understanding your vulnerable ones versus your not vulnerable ones. And just doing a really good job with integrated pest management scouting, knowing when you should spray, knowing you can wait. Yeah. Watching Marty Childers social media account? Yes. So tar spot, the reason rotation is not as effective as it is highly wind carried. So if it's in your neighbor's field, there's a very good chance you can get it versus the white mold where it's coming off from those little mushrooms within your field. Yes. You're in control. Monica? I know when I click off the screen. Okay. So this is just an example of the disease cycle in case anybody wasn't familiar with it. And also right overwinter is basically a in some cases you have multiple infections per year. That's what you have going on with this red where it says secondary inoculum and it goes around versus the other one that is a single year. All right. Nutrient cycling. This is where we're coming back to the work that Joe Lower did, who is a corn agronomist at UW. Our neighbor here, he's been there a long time. He does a really nice job. And some of the work that he has done over 35 years, he is looking at how are nitrogen cycles for corn to. I wanted to make a graph. Actually, there wasn't one good graph to summarize his data. Unfortunately, we had to do bullet points, so bear with me while we just go ahead and read through here. But the data show that extended rotations involving a forage crop, reduced nitrogen inputs, increased corn grain yield, and are the most agronomically sustainable than current short term rotations. Someone brought up alfalfa at one point, but it does. Breaking that up with a longer forage crop, it can be very advantageous. I know u, the potato growers I work with that are doing seed production and there's just no tolerance for carrying over diseases. Having a forage, like an alfalfa crop that's at least three years is just so critical for them to producing that clean seed. I feel like kind of like sugar beets, their rotation is really what sets them up for a very good potato crop. And that really is not to say they don't care about all the other crops that grow, but they're all lending well to make sure that that potato crop is just the highest quality possible. The second year rotation, I'm going back to the slide now. Sorry. The second year rotation was not sufficient to improve grain yield trends. Whereas a five year rotation was able to enhance corn grain yield and decrease the need for nitrogen fertilizer. They were seeing a nitrogen cycling advantage. With a specifically a five year rotation. I wanted to dive in more, buy more. We were, unfortunately, we're just limited, right? We're coming up. But I just wanted to mention, besides weed and disease and all these other pressures, there is nutrient cycling advantages also to a rotation. But then if you're doing that, like if you're adding in cover crops, make sure to we're balancing our nutrient cycling so that we're still keeping our yields and, you know, doing a good job of nutrient management on the farm. Any comments there, Jenna? No, I would agree with that. And if you want to talk about some of the nutrient stuff, the recordings will be up later. And Caleb Ortner had discussed it a little bit in his alternative weed control stuff as far as why some of the different nutrients matter with weeds to him for weed control. Even in the nutrients, Yeah, it was good. And then some more citations. I feel like we had a lot of citations in this one. Yes, Those citations were all for images and different studies stated earlier that way if you had an interest you could look at them. All right. And then our And Justice MSU extension is open to all.